The Frost
Spring cold spells, with temperatures below 0°C, are generally the cause of frost damage to vines. This is due to both climatic conditions and topography, particularly the vineyard's location; vineyards situated in valleys or basins are much more vulnerable than those on hillsides.
Late frosts are more frequent when the growing season starts early. This phenomenon can be triggered by periods of heat in early or mid-spring.
1
significant damage
Frost damage can affect various parts of plants and have a greater or lesser impact on annual yield. Damage to leaves and buds often occurs during periods of very low temperatures or intense cold spells in late winter. High temperatures before a cold spell can significantly increase the risk of damage. Strong contrasts between daytime and nighttime temperatures can cause heat stress in the plant, potentially leading to delayed bud break or a lack of flowering.
2
the risk of climate change
Climate change is accelerating the mixing of subtropical and polar air masses. This means that the likelihood of cold air masses propagating from the north is increasing.
The consensus among winegrowers is clear: in the future, environmentally friendly and efficient techniques must be offered on the market at affordable prices. The workload must be so reduced that no additional staff will be required.
3
the example of Champagne
According to a 2021 report, total losses in Champagne represented approximately 20% of those due to late frost.
The damage varies considerably from place to place. In the Aube region, in some areas, 50% or more of the buds have been destroyed.
Some houses have reported losses of up to 80% (for example Drappier for Chardonnay, Philipponnat on south-facing plots).
In Champagne, typical annual damage due to late frosts currently averages around 20%, but can reach up to 50 to 80% in extremely affected sub-regions.
In France, the average total damage caused by late frosts reaches 2 billion euros.